Military+&+Warfare

=﻿ ﻿**Military and Wa****rfare** = =** by Sean Horigan and Mason Finitz **=

//People/T////hings t////o Kn////ow-//
Basic military unit consisting of 5,000 men. This group was dividing into tactical units called cohorts. Cohorts were further divided into centuries consisting of around 100 men. Highly organized military unit arrangement was a strong factor in Roman conquest. This river serves as a natural barrier north of Rome. Senate announced that no legions under a general can cross this river and enter Rome. If anyone broke this law they were traitors to the Roman empire. Carthage general in the second and third Punic Wars. Led troops through Spain and into thein an attack on Rome. He marched down the Italian peninsula but had to return to Carthage when Rome launched their own attack. Strong military general of Rome. Led his unit on the conquest of Gaul beforetaking over senate in Rome and demanding the roll of an dictator. He made many reforms to help the people but was assassinated in 44 B.C. A unit of land under Roman rule.
 * Roman Legion-**
 * Rubicon River-**
 * Hannibal-**
 * Caesar-**
 * Province-**

=﻿//Soldiers//= The soldiers that made up the Roman legions were citizen-soldiers. That means that they were citizens of Rome, but they were not payed to fight in the army and they must provide their own weaponry. These soldiers were of the toughest in the world because they were raised with value, loyalty, courage, and respect for authority. When to soldiers did something good they were rewarded. On the other hand, when a soldier did something bad, they had to take harsh punishment. =﻿//Food//= The diet of the Roman army was not one that would be love by many. It mostly concisted of bread and water. This bread was unleavened though, which means that no yeast was used to make it. The bread was flat and hard, and not very tastefull. It did give the legions the energy they needed to fight and conquer though. If the soldiers got the chance they would usually eat any vegetables or meat that they could get thier hands on. Each soldier was given a little wine from time to ti me.

//Weapons//

 * Sword:** The sword was an escential part of the Roman soldier. It was used for slashing and stabbing with the right hand. The blades were usually only 50 centimeters so they were a close range weapon.


 * Shield:** Shields were held in the left hand. It was used to deflect attacks.


 * Pilum:** The pilum was a spear that was thrown. Soldiers carried two of them. The tips on the pilum were made to bend on impact so they could not be thrown back at Roman soldiers.
 * Pugio:** The pugio was a small dagger. This was used in close combat as a last resort.

= **﻿//Roman Policies on Conquest//** = The Romans were extremely fair and just to the peoples that they conquered. Unlike some civilizations, the Romans let the newly conquered people keep thier own customs, money, and local government. All they had to do was acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes to Rome, and give men to fight in the Roman army. Some of the lucky people that were conquered by Romans were aloud the prestigeous title of a Roman citizen. The non-citizens were concidered partial citizens. They were aloud to marry Romans and do trade in Rome. Since the peoples conquered by Rome were treated so well, they usually stayed loyal to Rome even in troubled times.

//Important Conquests and Battles//

 * Punic Wars (264 B.C. - 146 B.C.)**

media type="youtube" key="ARF2r3Ol80Y" height="390" width="480" __//First-//__ Rome and Carthage were two strong powers that bordered the Mediterranean. Their love-hate relationship had trading at best and warfare at worst. The First Punic War came when Italy looked for expansion. Rome defeated Carthage and won Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily. __//Second-//__ Carthage sought revenge in 218 B.C. Hannibal led Carthaginian troops through Spain heading north. Then he came down the Alps on war elephants and through Italy. The journey was very trecherous and Hannibal lost almost half of his men. Hannibal marched towards Rome destroying everything in his path on the surprise attack. Rome was unprotected leading to a hard decision by senate. Rome finally announced attack on Carthage itself meaning Hannibal had to return home before taking Rome. The Second Punic War was a Roman victory. __//Third-//__ Rome still saw Carthage as a threat towards their expansion around the Mediterranean. Roman general, Scipio the Younger, led his army to completely destroy Carthage once and for all. The city was burned to the ground and salt was poured over the land to prevent any rebirth. All citizens of Carthage were either killed or brought to Rome as slaves.

In 59 B.C. the rebeleous Roman general Julius Caeser did what Romans did best, and reached farther away from Rome to conquer new lands. He was the governer of Northern Italy and Southern France, and wanted to go beyond the boundries of his province.
 * Conquest of Gaul (59 B.C. - 50 B.C.)**

After long discussion and strategic planning, Caesar defied order and crossed the Rubicon River. Caesar and his unit swept through the Italian peninsula and into Rome. Pompey and his men stood to defend the city from Caesar. The two parties battled in civil war like many were doing at the time in the Roman world. Caesar marches over Pompey, but his conquests would not be over. Caesar took his unit around the Mediterranean striking fear on all opposing to Roman rule. "Veni, Vidi, Vici," is what Caesar said meaning, "I came, I saw, I conquered." In 48 B.C., Caesar returned to Rome and forced senate to declare him dictator. From now to the fall of the Roman empire, Rome would never be a Republic again. **//Pax Romana//** Beginning with the great empire Augustus, Rome went on 200 year span known as Pax Romana meaning "Roman Peace". As seen above, Rome ruled from the Euphrates river to Britain covering the whole Mediterranean. During Pax Romana there was unity and order throughout Roman rule. Trade thrived and military had little to no work. Roman riches funded public works projects such as roads and theaters. Roman arts and entertainments gained major popularity in the empire. Citizens enjoyed gladiator battles in the Colosseum. At is peak, Rome had no more need for military and warfare.
 * Crossing the Rubicon (49 B.C.)**

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